Members

Cory G.
Sydney P.
Joe R.
Savanna H.
Stephanie S.

Activity 1 Microbes Are Special Too

1) The way Microbes affect are climate is they release carbon which is a greenhouse gas which is released into the apmoshere. As a result of this is burns a hole in the Ozone which is the cause of global warming. they create oxygen

2) They can only be se
en with a microscope and that they have evolved over time which means they would have been around for a long period of time.

3)The reason why we could live on the earth without microbes is we once evolved from them to what we are now.

4) They help recycle nutrience in ecosystems is they way they are one way they are helpful.

5) Microbes can be found in any area and can withstand without oxygen.

6) There are over 5 billion species so there are new d
iscoveries everyday.

Activity 3:

1) It must be able to have water and turn it into oxygen.

2) Density is a property of matter that is the mass divided by volume.

3) It would help determine where microbes would live in the water. explain

4)The microbes are the base of the food chain. `
What common materials would y
ou make it from?

Monocots and dicots

Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Monocots	Dicots
Monocots: they have parallel veins Dicots: have netted veins	Monocots: Adventitious Dicots: Develop for radicle	Monocots: Parts in multiples of three Dicots: Pollen with three furrows or pores…parts in multiples of four or five	Mo nocots: have scattered bundles in a cross section Dicots: have a circular bundle arrangement in a cross section	Embryo with single cotyledon… Pollen with single furrow or pore…Flower parts in multiples of three… Major leaf veins parallel… Major leaf veins reticulated… Stem vacular bundles scattered… Roots are adventitious	Embryo with two cotyledons…Pollen with three furrows or pores…Flower parts in multiples of four or five…Stem vascular bundles in a ring…Roots develop from radicle

Seeds

Monocots: have one seed leaf in development Dicots: have two seed leaves in development

Seeds, Leaves, and Roots links:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/r
ahel_jaskow/3434548473/#/ alfalfa seed
http://www.flickr.com/photos/8555671@N05/2786972691/ alfalfa roots
http://www.flickr.com/photos/the_des_bois/479246223/ alfalfa leaf
http://www.flickr.com/photos/leafy/3111086478/ rye leaf
http://www.flickr.com/photos/buehlerphoto/2241502639/ rye roots
rye seed, could not find
http://lemill.net/content/webpages/lima-bean-seed-dissection/view - lima bean seeds
http://article.wn.com/view/2010/04/18/How_to_plant_and_grow_pole_beans_bush_beans_lima_beans_and_o/ - lima bean roots
http://www.flickr.com/photos/milehigher5/2702122075/ - lima bean leaves






5)

Leaves	Roots	Flowers	Stems	Monocots	Dicots
Monocots: they have parallel veins Dicots: have netted veins	Monocots: Adventitious Dicots: Develop for radicle	Monocots: Parts in multiples of three Dicots: Pollen with three furrows or pores…parts in multiples of four or five	Monocots: have scattered bundles in a cross section Dicots: have a circular bundle arrangement in a cross section	Embryo with single cotyledon… Pollen with single furrow or pore…Flower parts in multiples of three… Major leaf veins parallel… Major leaf veins reticulated… Stem vacular bundles scattered… Roots are adventitious	Embryo with two cotyledons…Pollen with three furrows or pores…Flower parts in multiples of four or five…Stem vascular bundles in a ring…Roots develop from radicle

Seeds

Monocots: have one seed leaf in development Dicots: have two seed leaves in development

6. Herbaceous plants are plants wit
h growth which dies back to the ground each year, in contrast with woody plants, which keep adding growth and remain active during the season when herbaceous plants are dormant. As a general rule, annual plants are all classified as herbaceous, but herbaceous plants can also be biennials or perennials as well. Many
gardeners rely heavily on herbaceous plant species to add color and texture to their gardens, and these plants often form the core of a garden.
A typical herbaceous plant starts to die down in the fall, often dropping leaves in the process. In the spring, new growth appears as the plant's roots and low-lying stems start to put out fresh shoots. Eventually, the plant will flourish again, often producing bright, colorful flowers and rich greenery which will thrive through the summer before the plant starts to die back again.

1

	Woody Plants	Herbaceous Plants	Food and Fiber
Monocots	palm, bamboo, rose, cactus, and lily trees	Flowers parts in multiples of threeRoots are adventitious	Palm trees provide coconut products, cactus provides edible fruit, bamboo shoots
Dicots	oak, pine, maple, walnut, spruce, and fir trees	Pollen with three furrows or poresFlowers parts in multiples of four or five Roots develop for radicle	Oaks have acorns which are used as food for animals, maple provides maple syrup for people, walnut provides nuts for food

Woody Plants: uses wood as a structural tissue, larger and woody roots, thickened bark

Herbaceous Plants: lacks a woody stem, flowering garden plants

Foods and Fiber: food is edible, fiber is used in clothing and fabrics

Are fruits and vegetables made up of cells?

Even though fruits and vegetables look different they are all made up of cells. The cells have an outer wall which is mostly made up of cellulose. Every cell has a nucleus, cell wall, cytoplasm, vacuoles, and mitochondria. Cells are the building block of life and make up all living things. The two types of cells are plant and animal cells. Fruits and vegetables are produced by plants, therefore, they have plant cells. We looked at fruit and vegetable skins through a microscope and noticed that they have cells. We used iodine as a stain so that you can see the cells more clearly. The iodine stains the cellulose in the cell so that it is easier to determine what organelles are in the cell and make them more visual. When we looked at the cells, we noticed that they were all similar. The
y all had a cell wall, membrane, and nucleus. We noticed that the sizes are close but they are still different sizes.

onion cell

We looked at this to get a good example of a plant cell. The size is 167 microns.

cheek cell

We examined this cheek cell to see the difference between a plant and a animal cell. The size is 188 microns.
We looked at this potato cell to determine the similarities between to vegetable cells.

Edible Cell:

Cell Size Lab:

Analysis:
1. Compare and contrast the three cubes after they were sliced in half.
-You could really see the definition of the diffusion and could see everything more cleary. They all had about the same amount of coloring that leaked through the exlax and the majority of the inside was its original color. They were different because as they got smaller, there were clearer from the inside.

2. Which "cell" seemed to be most and least efficient at getting outside substances into the cell? Explain.
-The 2x2x2 was least efficient because it had the lowest rates of diffusion. The 1x1x1 was most efficient because it had the highest rates of diffusion.

3. Which of your calculations seems to explain what you observed in your cell models? Why do you think so?
-The distance of diffusion the reason is it shows you how much the cell can take in.

4. Speculate on a relationship between cell size and efficiency. Your statement should resemble a hypothesis.
-Our hypothesis was the smaller the cube the more could soak in. We also thought the bigger ones would have less diffusion that the others.

5.
SA- 3x3x3= 54
SA- 2x2x2= 24
SA- 1x1x1= 6

Cube Size	Area	SA to V ratio	Distance of diffusion	Rate Of diffusion	Volume
3x3x3	54 cm2	2/1	.2cm	1.18	27cm3
2x2x2	24 cm2	3/1	.1cm	.59cm	8cm3
1x1x1	6 cm2	6/1	.3cm	1.78 cm/hour	1 cm3

Photo above by Team CUTG

Homeostasis Lab

Activity
1 and 2) Our teams experiment was for eight straight minutes we will be running steps. What we will mesure is Body Temperature, Pulse, Coloration of the Body, Sweat, and Blood Pressure.

3)The way we will collect the data is by thermometer, which will measure body temperature. We also will be using a blood pressure cuff which will measure Pulse and Blood pressure. Then for Coloration and Sweat we will use personal opinions. We took all of the measurements during the activity that we performed.

4)

NOTE: Sweat
and Coloration of the Body are in Percentage.

Cory Geer:	Body Temp	Pulse	Coloration	Sweat	Blood Pressure
Pretest	Normal	76	None	None	131 over 81
2 min	Very little amount	160	Very little	None	152 over 76
4 min	Same	172	Slight	Little	159 over 75
6 min	Slightly Higher	178	Slight	Little	160 over 72
8 min Slightly above average	Slightly above average	189	More than before	Droplets	161 over 69

5) In conclusion we found that every two minutes everything measurement arose from the previous measurment. Therefore that means as intensity levels increased the bodies functions did also so that the body could stay in a state of Homeostasis.

Analysis:
1.What are the changes that you observed throughout the experiment? Body temperature, pulse, blood pressure, sweat, and coloration all increase during exercise. The blood pressure, bod
y temperature, and pulse all increased, the sweat became more visible, and the coloration kept getting darker in the face as time went on.

2. How do each of those changes help the body adjust to maintain equilibrium (homeostasis)? The body can stay stable even though the changes increase. The body adjusts because if it doesn’t then you wouldn’t know how to react.

3. What mechanisms are used to maintain body temperature in the body? Endothermic animals maintain a constant body temperature.

4. What is the purpose for an increased respiratory rate and heart rate? They make adjustments in the body in order for it to return to homeostasis.

Diffusion/Osmosis

1.
· Diffusion- the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

· Osmosis- a specialized case of diffusion that involves the passive transport of water

· Hypotonic- low solute concentration

· Hypertonic- high solute concentration

· Isotonic- equal or identical; same amount

· Solute- the substance dissolved in a given solution

· Solvent- having the power to dissolve or causing solution

· selectively permeable- a membrane that will allow certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion

· water potential- term used to describe the tendency of water to leave one place in favor of another.

· concentration gradient- a gradient in concentration of a solute as a function of distance through a solution

· plasmolysis- contraction of the protoplasm in a living cell when water is removed by exosmosis

· turgor- the pressure exerted on a plant cell wall by water passing into the cell by osmosis

· active transport- the movement of molecules across a cellular membrane from a lower to a higher concentration, requiring the consumption of energy

· facilitated diffusion- a process by which substances are transported across cell membranes by means of protein carrier molecules

2.
For diffusion we first lined up three feet apart. We sprayed perfume and measured and recorded how long it took for each person to smell the perfume moving through the air. Next, we lined up six feet apart and also measured and recorded how long it took to reach each person.
2a. For osmosis, we got two beakers we put two teaspoons of salt in one of the beakers and put 300 mL of water in each. Then we put potatoes in the beakers and the one with salt in it will make the potatoes loose its moisture and become mushy instead of hard, like the one with just water in it.

salt water after 20 minutes

salt water after 1 day

You can tell that osmosis occurred because over time the potatoes turned brown. All of the potatoes cell nutrients went to higher concentrations. The potato needs its nutrients to retain color.

clear water after 20 minutes

clear water after 1 day

The potatoes in the water did not turn brown over time. There was no salt to remove the cell nutrients from the potatoes. The salt was the reason the other potatoes turned brown. This water had no salt so the color stayed the same.

Salt Water	Pre…	20 Minutes	40 Minutes	Over Night
Water Level	300mL	300mL	300mL	300mL
Color in Water	clear	cloudy	foggy	murky
Potato Expansion	normal	disintegrate	very little spots	disintegrate
Color of Potato	none	slight	slight	dark brown spots and layers
Fresh Water	Pre…	20 Minutes	40 Minutes	Over Night
Water Level	300mL	300mL	300mL	300mL
Color in Water	clear	clear	clear	clear
Potato Expansion	normal	normal	normal	little expansion
Color of Potato	normal	normal	normal	normal

Water Coloration has changed to murky compared to the one without salt that is clear.

Cell Lab

Questions (Be sure to split up this work and discuss as a group. I should see contributions by many different members of the group);

1. Compare and contrast diffusion and osmosis. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and or differences.

2. Why are diffusion and osmosis considered to be passive processes?

3. Compare and contrast passive cell transport with active cell transport. You are responsible for discussing at least 3 similarities and/or differences.

4. What question do you still have about cell transport? Do research or design and run an experiment to gather data to answer your question. Write a paragraph or make an outline of what you did and what you discovered. Remember to cite your sources.

Pond Water

Protists Lab

euglena

· Euglena: found in nutrient-fresh water with few marine species, quiet ponds or puddles
3 facts:
Euglena move by flagellum.
It is pear shaped.
The euglena has a bright red eyespot which is sensitive to light and helps the euglena find light.
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/euglenacolor.htm



· Green hydra: fresh water, ponds, rivers, lakes
3 facts:
Closely related to jellyfish
A Green Hydra can grow up to 30 millimeters long, but usually they are less than 15 mm.
One hydra can have anywhere from four to twelve tentacles.
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/green_hydra.htm

brown hydra

Brown hydra- heterotroph—they are found as the same group as jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones, they have a mouth surrounded by a crown of tentacles that have stinging cells used to stun prey, the length of their tentacles can be up to 25 cm.
· Brown hydra: live in fresh water ponds, rivers, steams, and also lakes, it attaches to twigs, rocks, and plants

http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/#text=Facts

daphnia

Daphnia

Daphnia- heterotroph—are often sold as aquarium food since they are easy to culture and reproduce rapidly, you can see their organs in the microscope, because their "skin" is transparent, large genus comprising about 150 species.
· Daphnia: found in brackish waters, marine environments, and mainly fresh water of all places

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnia


by VIDA INVISIBLE
Stentor coeruleus- heterotroph
Found:
· Stenter coeruleus: usually live in freshwater habitats but can habituate to its environment
Facts:
1. Stentor has multiple ciliary membranelles moving around the region that goes to the mouth opening.
2. Stentor uses cilia to sweep food particles into its cytostome.
3. Stentor are among the largest aquatic protozoans.
http://www.britannica.com/facts/5/274845/Stentor-coeruleus-as-discussed-in-Stentor-protozoan-genus
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Stentor


Picture link:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Trapka_velka_Paramecium_caudatum.jpg

Paramecium caudatum- heterotroph
found: · Paramecium caudatum: found in ponds and still waters among the mud and decaying vegetation, and warm water
Facts:
1. Are unicellurlar organisms that belong to the genus of phylum Ciliophora. (phylum Ciliophora is Ciliophora , phylum in the kingdom Protista consisting of the ciliates, or ciliophores, complex freshwater or saltwater protozoans that swim by the coordinated beating of their cilia—short, hairlike structures that cover the cell surface)
2. Paramecia have a good defense system that they deploy against their enemies. When attacked, they release dart-like objects from capsules located on their undersides.
3. They are often called slipper animalcules because of their slipper-like shape.
http://www.freebase.com/view/en/paramecium_caudatum
http://www.silkentent.com/gus1911/Paramecium.htm



· Amoba protus: the main habitat for them are unpolluted ponds
hetotroph-
3 facts: When an amoeba eats food, the food can actually remain alive inside the amoeba. It can release a chemical from his body that can drive away some organisms. Right after the amoeba splits, the two amoebae don’t eat each other .


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Wilson1900Fig3.jpg

http://www.oberlin.k12.oh.us/talent/isp/reports2002/amoebaproteus/facts.htm


Volox
Three facts- The name Volvox comes from the Latin volvere, which means to roll. Volvox is a spherical multicellular green alga, which contains many small biflagellate somatic cells and a few large, non-motile called gonidia and swims with a characteristic rolling motion with a distinct anterior and posterior. Can reproduce asexually and asexually.
· Volox: fresh water habitats, on rocks, in streams, ponds, ditches, and shallow puddles

LINKS:
http://www.metamicrobe.com/volvox/
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Alga_volvox.png

Links for where found:
http://www.oberlin.k12.oh.us/talent/isp/reports2002/amoebaproteus/habitat.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvox
http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Stentor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stentor_Coeruleus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramecium_caudatum
http://101science.com/paramecium.htm
http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/euglenacolor.htm
http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/green_hydra.htm
http://www.arkive.org/brown-hydra/hydra-oligactis/#text=Habitat
http://www.caudata.org/daphnia/#what3

Yeast Respiration Lab

Independant Variable: is a fair test (experiment) that is observes over what he/she did throughout the experiment.
Dependant Variable: is what he/she found from their observation (change) they find, that will changes the Independent Variable.
Factors: Sugar Concentration, Water Temperature, Amount of water, Amount of Yeast

Strawberry Spooling Lab

1. Where is DNA found? Be specific.
DNA is found in chromosones inside the nucleaus

2. Is it possible to see and touch DNA? Explain your answer.
Yes because we did it in the Spooling with strawberries lab the way we did it was extract the DNA through the strainer then we put it in with cold ethanol that then froze the DNA and made it visible to see.

3. What did the DNA look like? Be specific.
The DNA of the strawberry after completing all of the processes, it looked like clear mucus.

4. How did you break down the cell walls within the strawberry?
By putting homogenating solution in the baggie and smashing the strawberry.

5. Explain how you were able to break down the cell membranes and nuclear membranes within the strawberry.
We put the strawberry in the bag with homogenating solution and smashed it up then we put the strawberry “juice” into a test tube with ethanol.

6. Explain how the DNA became visible.
The DNA became visible after we added the ethanol to the strawberry juice after we strained it, thats when then the DNA became visible.

Crime Scene Lab

1. Why do a series of bands appear in the gel? What is true of the DNA fragment band(s) closest to the positive end of the gel (the end opposite the wells)?
The dye is pulled by electricity causes the bands to appear. The bands farthest away are caused by the lightest DNA.

2. What caused the DNA to migrate through the gel?
The electrical current through the machine pulled the DNA through the gel leaving DNA behind.

3. Would you expect your personal DNA fingerprint to be identical to any of the persons tested in this lab? Explain.
No because every persons DNA is slightly different, each chromosome in DNA has a different part to tell what it is, this is what makes DNA different

4. Based on the results of your gel, what evidence do you have to present to the court concerning this murder case?
While reviewing the evidence they will have noticed that suspect 2 is guilty
5. Could these DNA samples have been distinguished from on another if only enzyme #1 had been used? Why or why not?
Yes, but it would have been hard. Not only would of you had to look a the first Chromosome but you’d also have to look at the gene lengths on the chromosome. The reason is, is because there is difference between gene make up of all chromosomes.

Cell Mitosis:

Interphase & Prophase


Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cytokinesis

Dissection: